13942, 42148. A detailed account of the violence in Theri, Lahore and Narowal was published fifty years later by the Blog Sharaabtoon under the title The Most Unfortunate Incident: The Theri Massacre and Fifty years of Sectarian Violence in Pakistan; URL: http://sharaabtoon.blogspot.com/2013/06/the-most-unfortunate-incident-theri.html. 867; see also below. The SMC Working Committee met in Multan on 5 November and decided that another countrywide convention should be held in Hyderabad in February 1968 to report on the movements achievements within four years and approve further steps. The events of 1963 served as a catalyst for a new start in Shia communal organisation, which had been in the air for some years. Most Pakistanis belong to the Sunni sect, the major branch of Islam. Muammad ibn Ms al-Khwrizm -inventor of Algebra and regarded as the father of Mathematics, was a Persian polymath from Khwarazm, who produced vastly influential works in mathematics, astronomy, and geography. The founding director of the latter, S. Gulab Ali Shah Naqvi, took the lead in replying to Muhammad Ismail in the same vein. Zaidi, Mutlabt, pp. Not surprisingly, Dhakkos diatribes met with resistance from those concerned. Since no significant headway had been made trough all meetings with representatives of the state within seven months, an All-Pakistan Shia Convention was called for in Rawalpindi on 2830 August 1964 to discuss further steps. For Shias both tawall and tabarr are part of their faith. This seems to be an error; the relevant article in the 1956 constitution was No. The newly proclaimed leader of all Shias in Pakistan, although approaching his sixty-sixth birthday, was able to maintain and increase the momentum created by the successful Karachi Convention. This applied especially to the APSC President Nawab Muzaffar Ali Khan Qizilbash, who became more interested in Shia affairs after having lost executive power,126Close and to Muzaffar Ali Shamsi, who remained the real strongman of the ITHS even after the election of a new chairman in 1961 and his token resignation in 1962.127Close But there were a number of other office-holders in both organisations who had no interest in their dissolution or merger either. An All-Pakistan Shia Mutlabt Convention in Multan on 2728 August 1966 turned out an important milestone of the SMC Movement. Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. I, pp. Similar outbreaks of violence could be prevented in the following years by stricter security precautions in Muharram, but for the sake of symmetry Shias had to live with more restrictions than before.123Close. For the sake of letting us live according to our beliefs and convictions. He was born in Kapurthala (Jullundhur Dist., East Punjab). Ali Ahmad Shah (former President of Azad Kashmir), Mir Ghulam Husain Khan Talpur (Khairpur), Pir S. Qalandar Husain Shah (Sargodha), Malik Ibrahim Khan Bangash (Hangu), the MNA S. Asghar Ali and the ITHS chairman S. Mubarak Ali Shah (Razkr 27/29:78). Professions of loyalty to the government and the country as expressed above would be repeated regularly by S. Muhammad Dihlavi and his supporters during the coming years together with the Shia demands. A List of Sunni to (Shia) Islam Converts - Uncovered Sunnism Ayub Khan himself had made clear his aversion against any political role for the Mullahs from the start of his rule,23Close and he did not shrink back from antagonising the religious lobby in order to implement some secularist reforms. 13536. He was an activist of the Muslim League in the 1940s and made an academic career, becoming Head of the Department of Islamic Studies and later Vice-Chancellor of the Punjab University. In Shahd of 5 September he had claimed that no members of the Gardezi family had participated, drawing angry rejoinders (Razkr 29/37:1); see also Razkr 29/39:1 (8 October 1966). The President had agreed in principle and declared his readiness to form a mixed board with adequate Shia representation to revise syllabi and make recommendations for the removal of such contents which would be objectionable for Shias. Sometimes I hear the argument that if separate dnyt are introduced there will be a greater barrier between both sects [Sunnis and Shias] and it will have a negative influence on the minds of the children. At that stage, Nawab Qizilbash flew to Karachi to consult with Dihlavi on how to defuse the situation.351Close On the eve of the SMC gathering Qizilbash met with the Governor of West Pakistan, General Muhammad Musa, a Shia Hazara from Quetta and former Commander in Chief of the Pakistan Army who had replaced Amir Muhammad Khan in September 1966.352Close The result was an offer to appoint a board of five Shia and five Sunni experts that would study the Shia demands and submit its recommendations to the government. Since 1959 suggestions for a new organisation that would be headed by ulam had been launched,128Close and apparently they had gained some acceptance by 1961.129Close The ulam still enjoyed respect and popularity among the Shia awam, but some Shia intellectuals had published scathing criticism of their ulam long since.130Close Karim Bakhsh Haidari, with his usual bluntness, wrote in February 1961 on the occasion of the election of a new ITHS Chairman replacing Hafiz Kifayat Husain: in spite of all the hand-kissing for ab-o-qab131Close and the noisy slogans of salawt and salm, we have repeatedly made the experience that the leadership of an lim-i dn has benefited Shia (qaum) organisations very little the personal influence and respect he enjoys with the traders and notables is used very rarely for the good of the Shias and always much more for promoting his professional interests. 29698; Naqvi, Controversy, pp. Razkr 26/36:7 (24 September 1963). Some Shia leaders like Nawab Qizilbash had sensed the danger well ahead and had warned the authorities,93Close but in the aftermath of the riots none of them would put the blame on the government.94Close The Shia press, for its part, demanded that the government would conduct indepth investigations that would clearly prove the responsibility of the TAS and other anti-Shia fanatics.95Close Its attitude was well reflected in an article of Raja Lehrasb Ali Khan in Razkr some weeks later (excerpts): One sect of the Muslims wants to prevent the customary observation of the religious ceremonies of another sect, namely the mtam juls of the Shias. On Rizvi see section 5.4, p. 158. Razkr 27/29:8 (16 September 1964); see section 4.1, p. 107, and Fn 47 to chapter 4, p. 387. In March 1964 a delegation led by Dihlavi was received by President Ayub Khan for the first time and given some vague promises.175Close A second meeting took place on 14 May, focussing on the dnyt issue.176Close The President then ordered the Secretary of Education, S. Muhammad Sharif, to discuss the matter with a Shia delegation. Moon Market 1 0 Mohsin Naqvi, famous poet, Shia Zakir. Translated from al-Muballigh 9/10:56 (November 1965). Let the enemies of Pakistan come forward and tell us, when and where have the Shias abused the sahba? Already in September 1965, Dihlavi was quoted with the compaint: The Imam Zain ul-Abidin remembered the calamities of Damascus with the words: al-Shm, al-Shm; I am crying al-Lahaur, al-Lahaur out of distress because of the situation in Lahore (Razkr 28/3435:1; 816 September 1965). With the Shia-Sunni problem on the backburner and public munzart banned since the imposition of martial law, the combative Maulana was apparently eager to open up a new front. By 1963and still todayShia-majority areas were confined to Baltistan and the Gilgit Agency, the Kurram Agency of the NWFP, and scattered villages in the northern and western districts of the Punjab from Sialkot and Rawalpindi down to Rajanpur. For the orthodox Shia ulam the issue was no longer just the waste of energies and money through majlis and the negligence of basic religious duties, but the deformation of the Shia mazhab with the intrusion of doctrines, which had been rejected by mainstream Twelver Shiism as extremist and superstitious long since. 3857; Malik, Islamisierung, pp. Mirza, From Plassey to Pakistan, pp. The controversy was going on for several months in the fall of that year, with both sides asking for fatws from S. Muhsin al-Hakim (Najaf) and S. Ahmad Ali (Lucknow); see Razkr 25/38:4; 25/40:5+8; 25/42:3+9; 25/47:1+8 (8 October16 December 1962). By 1966 it had become a habit that wherever Shias started building mosques of their own, some local Sunnis would launch a movement against such plans, and in many cases the administration withheld construction permits in order to safeguard public order.318Close. An All-Pakistan Shia Ulam Convention in Karachi presided over by S. Muhammad Dihlavi from 57 January 1964 turned out to be very successful, both through the large attendance of some 200250 ulam147Close and through a remarkable display of unity. In British India there had been four official holidays in Muharram which had been cut down to one after 1947. No confirmation of this meeting or list of participants could be obtained from daily press sources. These demands have nothing to do with the politics of the country nor do they bear the danger of conflict between the Muslims. These demands are a matter of life or death for us. For the demographic distribution of Shias in Pakistan, see sections 1.1, pp. Since many ulam had made great efforts to induce the Shias to pay their religious dues while at the same time denouncing wasteful spending for majlis and mahfil, including the fees for preachers paid at such occasions, the latter were bound to counterattack sooner or later. 15758, 164; 5.8, p. 191. When all pre-emptive measures had failed and some 15,000 Shias from many parts of Pakistan had gathered in Rawalpindi to start agitation, the government finally decided to give in. One important objective of the Shia ulam convention in Karachi was to search for ways and means to unite all ulam of the country, in order to overcome the curse of sectarianism and to create a good atmosphere between the Muslims. Maulana Abd ul-Hamid Badayuni (18981970) had been a long-term activist of the Muslim League, who played a prominent role during the Pakistan Movement in the 1940s. This contradicts experience and is very far from truth conflicts and clashes of convictions arise when children are taught one thing in their houses and something else in the schools because everybody is very attached to his own mazhab and is not ready to hear anything against his belief. On his contribution to the movement in 1968 see section 4.5, p. 144. The 196668 Shia movement occurred against the background of intense political ferment during the last years of the Ayub Khan regime, but it remained confined to purely religious and communal issues. S. Ajmal Husain was a medical doctor and nephew of Justice S. Jamil Husain (see section 5.4, p. 158). Great [Shia] people! On the Raja of Mahmudabad see section 2.1, pp. 6973, 857. A country-wide campaign for safeguarding Shia fiqh and rights in the auqf according to the four [canonical] books142Close is out of their reach. This list may not reflect recent changes. Starting in October that year, he published a series of articles in his journal Sadqat in which he accused those ulam who run the dn madris with harsh and insulting words of misusing funds given to them as khums. The newly formed Action Committee (MAUSP) was only to be charged with compelling the government to accept the three demands mentioned above.169Close. Translated from Razkr 29/3435:6; on S. Ibn Hasan Jarchavi see section 3.2, p. 71. S. Muhammad Dihlavi and Mushtaq Husain refused to show up, sending the former minister S. Abid Husain of Jhang and Muhammad Bashir Ansari instead. See section 4.1, p. 106. The SMC Council had thoroughly studied the statement of the government and found it credible, but was demanding further clarifications, which would be sought in a meeting with the Governor Muhammad Musa on 4 November. These are all machinations (rshadawnyn) of the sectarian elements I am appealing to the Sunni ulam in the name of the Shia ulam to become united and get rid of such hostile elements and support the government. A new Shia movement led by Sayyid Muhammad Dihlavi was launched in 1964 pressing for three demands, namely separate religious instruction, exclusive Shia control over their religious endowments (Auqaf), and freedom and protection of their religious processions. The memory of thirteen centuries cannot be erased. Besides, what yardstick do those Maulvis who were implicated in the recent riots have to judge others beliefs? From January 1966 onwards a number of appeals appeared in Shia journals calling for the formation of SMCs in every town, district and village with a noteworthy Shia presence, which should then establish contact with S. Muhammad Dihlavi in Karachi.308Close One especially sentimental appeal was published by the SMC Lahore in Razkr. 12324; 5.5, pp. He submitted a written memorandum,192Close reminding the president of the very reasonable demands of the Karachi Convention and of former meetings of Shia representatives with himself, the Governor of West-Pakistan and the Secretary of Education. Quoted from Pakistan Times, 2 November 1968. In addition to the two main groups there is a . In the resolutions [of the Muslim League] there was no mentioning of Shias and Sunnis; neither it was mentioned that Shias will have the right to take out their processions even if these violate the feelings of the Sunnis , [religious] freedom does not exclude some prohibitions. He had previously been in the service of Nawab Muzaffar Ali Khan Qizilbash and his elder brother Nisr Ali Khan. 14243. Shortly after an independent branch of the ITHS was set up in Karachi; see also section 4.5, p. 138. 8.Zakir Naik-Quran and modern science 9.Shabbir Ally Science the answer - A Comparison of Atheism and Islam 10.From Atheism to Belief: A Journey to Islam in North America by Dr. Jeffrey Lang (Part 1/17)